Medium tanks of World War II evolved into the main battle tank (MBT) of the Cold War and took over the majority of tank roles on the battlefield. A Shipbuilder's Yarn; E.H.W.T. Self-propelled artillery vehicles give mobility to artillery. During World War II, most major military powers developed self-propelled artillery vehicles. It was also a huge boost to the civilians at home. The tank was envisioned[by whom?] [citation needed]. The three traditional factors determining a tank's capability effectiveness are its firepower, protection, and mobility. Hilmes, Rolf (January 30, 1999), "Aspects of future MBT conception". This is especially true in developing countries, where various armies and guerrilla forces have used them, as they are more affordable than military-grade combat vehicles. Modern tanks such as the Russian T-90 and the German Leopard 1 and Leopard 2 tanks can ford to a depth of 3 to 4 m (9.8 to 13.1 ft) when properly prepared and equipped with a snorkel to supply air for the crew and engine. Platforms used include both trucks and heavier combat vehicles, such as APCs and tanks, which add protection from aircraft, artillery, and small arms fire for front line deployment. The vehicle is designed to minimize firepower dead space and the vehicles weapons can be depressed to a maximum of 12°. During the early days, the absence of a doctrine for the military use of automobiles or of an industry dedicated to producing them, lead to much improvisation in the creation of early armoured cars, and other such vehicles. [citation needed] A key part of this doctrine was improved communications by having radios in all tanks, although this ideal suffered from technical limitations as most tanks had receiver sets only. This would have been reflected by the relatively unimpressive rate of tank production and development. In some nations, light tanks such as the M551 Sheridan and AMX-13 are also used by scout platoons. Further advancements in tank defence systems have led to the development of active protection systems. Traditionalist elements within the Red Army used this to diminish the influence of proponents of mechanisation. During World War II, armoured cars were used for reconnaissance alongside scout cars. Between the wars, this concept was implemented in the "fast tanks" pioneered by J. Walter Christie. [39] Guderian's armoured warfare ideas, combined with Germany's existing doctrines of Bewegungskrieg ("maneuver warfare") and infiltration tactics from World War I, became the basis of blitzkrieg in the opening stages of World War II. The Russian equivalent is the SU-25. These new weapons were to be either carried by infantry, or fired from the newly developed BMP-1 infantry fighting vehicle. AVLBs can carry bridges of 60 feet (18 metres) or greater in length. Tanks in the Cold War were designed with these weapons in mind, and led to greatly improved armour types during the 1960s, especially composite armour. The Imperial Japanese Army used tankettes for jungle warfare.[10][11]. Important new concepts of armoured warfare were developed; the Soviet Union launched the first mass tank/air attack at Khalkhin Gol (Nomonhan) in August 1939,[3] and later developed the T-34, one of the predecessors of the main battle tank. The tank forces of the U.S. Army consisted of the M2A4 and M3 Stuart light tanks up until 1941,[31] although these vehicles were five years newer than the 1935 built Type 95's, the IJA and U.S. light tanks were comparable to each other, and seemingly performed well for their respective forces during jungle combat operations; during their phase of World War II.[32]. In the United States the term "combat engineer vehicle (CEV)" is used, in the United Kingdom the term "Armoured Vehicle Royal Engineers (AVRE)" is used, while in Canada and other commonwealth nations the term "armoured engineer vehicle (AEV)" is used. [4] In the 21st century, with the increasing role of asymmetrical warfare and the end of the Cold War, that also contributed to the increase of cost-effective anti-tank rocket propelled grenades (RPGs) worldwide and its successors, the ability of tanks to operate independently has declined. Historically, the custom-built fully armored assault guns usually mounted the gun or howitzer in a fully enclosed casemate on a tank chassis.
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